schools of criminology 1. Demonological School Idea: In ancient times, people believed crime happened because of evil spirits, demons, or supernatural powers . Explanation: Criminals were seen as possessed by the devil, so punishment was often cruel (burning, hanging, torture). Example: In Europe during the Middle Ages, women accused of being witches were punished because people thought they were controlled by evil spirits. Exam Point: This school is based on religious and superstitious beliefs , not scientific study. 2. Classical and Neo-Classical School Thinkers: Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Idea: Man is a rational being with free will. People commit crime after calculating pleasure vs. pain . Principle: Punishment should be certain, swift, and proportionate . Law should treat everyone equally. Neo-classical: Later thinkers added that age, mental condition, and intention should also be considered in punishment. Case Reference: In Ind...
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