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Future Direction of Criminology with Special Reference to Peace-Making Criminology 1. Introduction Criminology has evolved through many stages — from classical theories that emphasized punishment, to positivist theories that studied the criminal mind, and now to critical and peace-making criminology , which emphasize understanding and healing. Traditional criminology viewed crime as a legal wrong that required state punishment. Modern criminology , especially peace-making criminology , views crime as a social harm , a product of suffering, inequality, and violence in society. Peace-making criminology believes: “We cannot fight crime with more crime.” — Harold E. Pepinsky (1985) It calls for building a society of compassion, empathy, and justice , where conflicts are resolved non-violently . 2. Origin of Peace-Making Criminology Peace-making criminology developed in the late 1980s as part of the critical criminology movement . The movement was led by scholars like:...