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Evolution of Punishment in India –  Punishment in India has changed from revenge-based justice in ancient times to a reformative and constitutional system today . The system passed through four major stages: Ancient Period Medieval Period British Period Modern (Post-Independence) Period Let us discuss each stage clearly and systematically. 1️⃣ Ancient Period (Vedic & Smriti Period) Time: Around 1500 BCE to 1200 CE Main Sources of Law: Vedas Smritis Manusmriti Arthashastra by Kautilya Nature of Punishment In ancient India, punishment was called “Danda.” The King was considered the protector of society and had power to punish. Main Objectives: Maintain social order Protect caste system Protect religion Maintain king’s authority Types of Punishment: Fine (most common) Physical punishment Amputation Death penalty Exile Public humiliation ⚖ Important Point: Punishment was not equal for all . It depended on: Caste Gender Social status E...