Like Legal Law

Article 12 of the Indian Constitution is a fundamental provision that defines the term "State" for the purposes of Part III (Fundamental Rights). Essentially, it determines which entities are considered "State" under the Constitution, thus making them subject to the scrutiny of the courts when fundamental rights are violated. This article plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the rights of individuals and ensuring that public authorities do not violate them. Here, we will discuss the essence of Article 12 and highlight some landmark case laws that have shaped its interpretation. What is Article 12? Article 12 of the Indian Constitution reads: "In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the State includes the Government and Parliament of India, the Government and the Legislature of each of the States, and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India." This means that ...