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schools of criminology part 1

 schools of criminology 

1. Demonological School

  • Idea: In ancient times, people believed crime happened because of evil spirits, demons, or supernatural powers.
  • Explanation: Criminals were seen as possessed by the devil, so punishment was often cruel (burning, hanging, torture).
  • Example: In Europe during the Middle Ages, women accused of being witches were punished because people thought they were controlled by evil spirits.
  • Exam Point: This school is based on religious and superstitious beliefs, not scientific study.

2. Classical and Neo-Classical School

  • Thinkers: Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.
  • Idea: Man is a rational being with free will. People commit crime after calculating pleasure vs. pain.
  • Principle:
    • Punishment should be certain, swift, and proportionate.
    • Law should treat everyone equally.
  • Neo-classical: Later thinkers added that age, mental condition, and intention should also be considered in punishment.
  • Case Reference: In India, IPC (Indian Penal Code) reflects classical ideas, e.g., equal punishment for theft irrespective of religion. But juvenile laws reflect neo-classical ideas (considering age).

3. Cartographic School

  • Idea: This school studied where crime happens most.
  • Method: Used maps and statistics to see relation between crime and social/environmental factors like poverty, illiteracy, density of population.
  • Example: Adolphe Quetelet found that crime was higher in urban areas than rural areas.
  • Relevance in India: NCRB (National Crime Records Bureau) publishes crime data showing state-wise crime rates – this is modern cartographic criminology.

4. Positivist School

  • Thinkers: Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, Raffaele Garofalo.
  • Idea: Crime is not by free will alone, but due to biological, social, and environmental factors.
  • Main Points:
    • Lombroso: Some criminals are "born criminals" (biological defects).
    • Ferri: Social, economic, and political factors cause crime.
    • Garofalo: Crime is a natural phenomenon linked to moral abnormality.
  • Case Example: In India, habitual offender laws (e.g., repeat offenders under CrPC) show positivist influence.

5. Psychological School

  • Idea: Crime is linked to mental disorders, personality problems, frustration, aggression, and abnormal behaviour.
  • Example: Sigmund Freud explained crime as a conflict between id, ego, and superego.
  • Indian Example: In IPC, Section 84 (Insanity Defence) gives exemption to persons of unsound mind.
  • Case Law: Dahyabhai Chhaganbhai Thakkar v. State of Gujarat (1964) – Supreme Court held that burden of proving insanity lies on the accused.


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