The Evolution of Article 21: Life, Liberty, Introduction The Indian Constitution is a living document, constantly evolving to match the aspirations of its people. Among its most dynamic provisions is Article 21 , which simply states: "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law." But over time, this simple sentence has transformed into a guardian of countless human rights. The Early Interpretation: A Narrow Scope Initially, the interpretation of Article 21 was limited. In A.K. Gopalan vs State of Madras (1950) , the Supreme Court ruled that as long as a law existed, even if it was unfair, deprivation of liberty was valid. Life and liberty were treated narrowly—just physical existence and freedom from detention. A Turning Point: Maneka Gandhi Case The real shift came in Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India (1978) . The court broadened the scope of Article 21, stating that any law depriving a perso...
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